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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Revision as of 09:19, 13 April 2018
| Spoken in: | Lamona Continent |
| Conworld: | Dhamashi, a circumbinary planet |
| Total Speakers: | ~ 60,000,000 |
| Genealogical classification: | Proto-Lamona - Old Lortho - Lortho - ? |
| Basic word order: | Verb-Subject-Object |
| Morphological Type: | Agglutinating |
| Morphosyntactic Alignment: | Nominative-Accusative |
| Created by: | |
| Brian Bourque | Conceived in 2003 Manifested in March 2016 |
Contents
Lortho
Lortho (IPA:[ˈloɾ·tʰo]) is an a priori constructed language I conceived in the beginning of 2003. It originally started as a prop for a strategy board game where only the script was created for aesthetics. It is an agglutinating language with some minor fusional aspects.
The people (Kalanune) who speak Lortho live on Dhamashi, a circumbinary planet which has two natural satellites. The planet's surface has many similarities to Earth where it has oceans, mountains, deserts, and forests. The planet has three major continents: Mashonu, Kashti, and Lamona. The Kalanune live on Lamona.
Inspiration
A friend was creating a board game similar to Risk; however, instead of taking place on Earth, this new game was to take place on an inter-planetary scale. The game creator wanted to develop an extraterrestrial theme and requested a fictional script. The name of the race on this game is "Lortho" and thus the seed was planted. I was unable to work on this piece for quite sometime until I joined the CONLANG mailing list and observed both seasoned and novice conlangers discussing all aspects of linguistics. Since then I decided to move forward and bring Lortho into fruition. The language itself was not invented until the spring of 2016.
Much of the language stems from the languages that I know, namely Persian, French, and Korean. Although the language is a priori, much of its construction resembles that of an Indo-European flavor; albeit unintentionally. The phonology is largely inspired by Persian (Farsi) in that each letter is strictly pronounced regardless of their position in the the syllable/word. The agglutinating aspect of the language was largely influenced by Korean; however, the cases were inspired by both Hungarian and Finnish. The orthography was inspired by Central/East Asian orthographies which is further expounded below.
Another source of inspiration is my daughter. Through her development of learning how to make speech sounds leading to coherent speech and communication, she "created" words to communicate her wants and needs. Some of these words found their way into the Lortho lexicon.
Want to learn more? Then let's get down to business!
Etymology of Lortho
Lortho is a combination of Lor, the god from which their story of life stems, and -tho, the inalienable form for the genitive case. It has since become a noun and can take other case endings (e.g. konpharin lorthome - I speak Lortho-ACC).
The mountain whence Lor is said to originate is called Malhi Dharakhi, "Great Mountain," and is located in the coastal mountain range on the west coast of Lamona.
Goals
The goal is to create the gradual progression of Lortho which will lead to the development of daughter languages and, eventually, create sister languages which have developed on different parts of the planet.
Phonology
Orthography
Morphology
Syntax
Morphosyntactic Alignment
The morphosyntactic alignment of Lortho is Nominative - Accusative.
Word Order
The basic word order is Verb-Subject-Object (VSO). Lortho contains a lot of information in the verb and the noun or noun phrase. The verb is conjugated by person and gender and thus pronouns are largely unnecessary except for emphasis or clarification. The nouns are altered to denote case, greatly diminishing the need for prepositions. In addition, below are the basic syntax rules for word order:
- The word order changes to Subject-Verb-Object only in the vocative case.
- Adjectives are placed before the noun.
- Ordinal numbers are treated as adjectives (see below regarding word agreement)
- Adverbs are placed after the verb.
- Interrogatives (who, what, et al) are placed before the verb.
- The question marker (represented in the Leipzig Glossing Rules as Q) is placed at the beginning of the sentence to denote a question.
Word Agreement
There are four basic rules which govern agreement between words:
- Verbs must agree in gender and number with the subject (explicit or implied)
- Cardinal numbers do not take case nor gender
- Nouns are not pluralized when counted
-
kilikh-in kansaphu-ne-mesee -1MSG tree.F -PL-ACC
I see trees -
kilikh-in bon kansaphu-mesee -1MSG two tree.F -ACC
I see two trees (lit: I see two tree)
-
- Adjectives must agree with the noun which they modify in gender, but not in grammatical case nor number
Example texts
| Grammar Samples |
|---|
|
Examples of grammatical case, verb conjugation, and word order. Nominative Case
Accusative Case
Dative Case
Genitive Case
Sublative Case
Ablative Case
Allative Case
Prolative Case
Instructive
Vocative
|
Writing Samples
| |
| Text | Translation |
| konpharin lorthome | I speak Lortho |
| |
| Text | Translation |
| kalanune denimanimu kalanune khonaminalo hana tomidikhimu ma kansapthaina |
The people are known as people of the lanterns and they lived in that forest. |
| |
| Text | Translation |
| lharidikhin kansapthanat hana tharnidikhin dharakhime. konpharinin toshanimela hana semanikhin, "hankhanin malhiro danadanar1." remedikhi toshani, "dhamalhirianni danadanar." |
I ran out of the forest and climbed the mountain. I was speaking to the dragon and said, "I want to walk through here." The dragon replied, "You will not walk through here." |
| Source: Brian's Instagram post
1This has been recently changed to -dar to reduce multi-syllabic affixes. | |
Folklore
| The Unlucky Fox |
|
| Click to see the translation and gloss |
| Romanization: shadar lharane dasat dharakhinat harlikhi nuphi. khabalikhi nuphi dalhotamekhon dhaharlikha halhadar a. kilikhikhi ikhi molha kansapume. harlikha dirdhalama lidalhota mokansapoina. khar khesikhi nuphi kansapume denalikhu kansapu lukhothume hana tushadikhu khashume nuphinalo. tharikhu bonhan monu saurammu thasame nuphinalo. |
| IPA: ˈʃɑ.dɑɾ lhɑ.ˈɾɑ.nɛ ˈdɑ.sɑt dʰɑ.ˈɾɑ.kʰi.nɑt ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰi ˈnu.pʰi kʰɑ.ˈbɑl.ikʰ.i ˈnu.pʰi dɑl.ˈho.tɑ.mɛ.kʰon dʰɑ.ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰɑ ˈhɑl.hɑ.dɑɾ ɑ ki.ˈli.kʰi.kʰi ˈi.kʰi ˈmol.hɑ kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu.mɛ ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰɑ diɾ.dʰɑ.ˈlɑ.mɑ li.dɑl.ˈho.tɑ mo.kɑn.ˈsɑ.pɔɪ.nɑ. kʰɑɾ ˈkʰɛ.si.kʰi ˈnu.pʰi kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu.mɛ dɛ ˈnɑ.li.kʰu kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu lu.ˈkʰo.tʰu.mɛ ˈhɑ.nɑ tu.ˈʃɑ.di.kʰu ˈkʰɑ.ʃu.mɛ ˈnu.pʰi.nɑlo ˈtʰɑ.ɾi.kʰu ˈbon.hɑn ˈmo.nu saʊ.ˈɾɑm.mu ˈtʰɑ.sɑ.mɛ ˈnu.pʰi.nɑ.lo |
Leipzig Gloss:
shadar lhara-ne dasat dharakhi -nat harl-ikh-i nuphi ago.ADV year -PL beyond.ADV mountain.M-ABL be -PST-3MSG fox.M Once upon a time, there was the fox khabal-ikh-i nuphi dalhota-me -khon dha-harl-ikh-a halhadar a search-PST-3MSG fox.M food.N -ACC-but NEG-be -PST-3NSG much.ADJ PN.3NSG The fox searched for food, but there was not much of it kilikh-ikh-i ikhi molha kansapu-me see -PST-3MSG one huge-N tree.N -ACC It saw a huge tree harl-ikh-a dir -dhalam-a li -dalhota mo -kansapo-ina be -PST-3NSG SUPERL -good -N PN.POSS.3MSG-food.N that -tree.F -SUBL Its favorite food was in that tree khar khes -ikh-i nuphi kansapu-me denal-ikh-u kansapu lu -khothu-me hana tushad-ikh-u khashu-me nuphi-nalo when scratch-PST-3MSG fox.M tree.F -ACC close-PST-3FSG tree.F PN.POSS.3FSG-wall.F-ACC and bury -PST-3FSG head.F-ACC fox.M-GEN When the fox scratched the tree, the tree closed its wall (here it means bark) and buried (trapped) the fox's head thar-ikh-u bonhan mon -u saurammu thasa -me nuphi-nalo eat -PST-3FSG twenty other-F animal.F head.N-ACC fox.M-GEN Twenty other animals ate the fox's body
|
| I know this story is a little morbid; however, I was compelled to write a backstory as to why in Lorthoan culture calling someone a "fox" is considered derogatory, as in someone who is utterly unlucky or who has amassed misfortune. |
Resources
Linguistics
| Endangered Alphabets - YouTube channel about 14 of the world's writing systems threatened with extinction |
| International Phonetic Alphabet |
| Glossika Phonics - YouTube channel for IPA pronunciation |
| NativLang - YouTube channel about the history of written and spoken language |
| Omniglot |
| Online Etymology Dictionary (English) |
| Reddit: Linguistics |
| Wikitongues - A not for profit YouTube project to help preserve the world's living languages |
| World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) |
Constructed Languages
| Conlang Atlas of Language Structures (CALS) |
| Conlang Bulletin Board (CBB) |
| Conlang Critic - A YouTube vlogger who offers insight on conlangs |
| Conlang Mailing List |
| Conlang Relay Museum on CALS |
| Conlanging on Wikibooks |
| ConWorkShop - an online one-stop-shop for cataloging your conlang |
| Fiat Lingua - an online archive of conlang articles |
| How to design your own script (on CBB) |
| Language Creation Society (LCS) |
| LCS on YouTube |
| Reddit: Conlangs |
| Reddit: Neography (Constructed Scripts) |
| Speculative Grammarian - A satirical periodical on linguistics and conlangery |
| Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB) |
Lortho
| Lortho on CALS |
| Lortho in the 24th Conlang Relay (8th Position) |
| Lortho on ConWorkShop |
| Lortho on FrathWiki |
| Lortho Lexicon |
| Lortho's writing progress - Lextreme2018 Challenge on Instagram |
| Lortho on Instagram |
| The World of Dhamashi (CBB) |
| The World of Dhamashi (Conworlds.fun) |
| Lortho website (teaser) |
Miscellaneous
Sajem Tan (Common Honey) Collaborative Conlang Discord Server
Brian on Instagram
